Effects of Disinfectants on Bacteria Isolated from the Hospital Environments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v3i3.82Keywords:
Hospital Environment, Microbial Contamination, Synthetic Disinfectants, Antibacterial Efficacy, Infection ControlAbstract
The hospital environment is a known reservoir for microbial contamination, particularly on inert surfaces, medical devices, and apparatus, posing significant health risks. This study addresses the antibacterial efficacy of four synthetic disinfectants—M.P.C. Hand Gel, M.P.C. Save Spray, Sani Wash, and Actoman Plus—against various bacterial strains isolated from Nasiriyah hospitals, including Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Despite the widespread use of disinfectants in healthcare settings, the comparative effectiveness of these specific products remains underexplored. Using standard microbiological techniques, the study evaluates the disinfectants' effectiveness against the targeted pathogens. Results indicate varying degrees of antibacterial activity, with implications for improving infection control protocols in hospital environments.
References
ECHA, "Biocidal Products Regulation—Product Types," Available online: https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/biocidal-productsregulation/product-types (accessed on 10 February 2021).
J.-Y. Maillard, "Bacterial Resistance to Biocides in the Healthcare Environment: Should it be of Genuine Concern?," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 65, pp. 60–72, 2007.
J.-Y. Maillard, "Bacterial Target Sites for Biocide Action," J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 92, pp. 16S–27S, 2002.
Y. Ez Zoubi, A. Farah, H. Zaroual, and A. El Ouali Lalami, "Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula Stoechas Phenolic Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from a Hospital in Morocco," Vegetos, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 703–711, 2020.
MSSS: Ministère de Santé et des Services Sociaux, "D'abord, ne pas nuire... Les Infections Nosocomiales au Québec, un Problème Majeur de Santé, une Priorité," in Report of the Nosocomial Infections Prevention and Control Review Committee, Direction des Communications du Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux, Québec, 2005.
A. El Ouali Lalami, F. El-Akhal, and B. Oumokhtar, "Assessment of Risk of Infection Related to Surface Contamination and Equipment in a Hospital in the City of Fez (Center of Morocco)," Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 36–52, 2015.
P. Damiano, V. Silago, H. A. Nyawale, M. F. Mushi, M. M. Mirambo, E. E. Kimaro, and S. E. Mshana, "Efficacy of Disinfectants on Control and Clinical Bacteria Strains at a Zonal Referral Hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study," Sci. Rep., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 17998, 2023.
A. T. Sheldon Jr., "Antiseptic 'Resistance': Real or Perceived Threat?," Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 1650–1656, 2005.
M. Haque, M. Sartelli, J. McKimm, and M. A. Bakar, "Health Care-Associated Infections–An Overview," Infect. Drug Resist., vol. 11, pp. 2321–2333, 2018.
S. M. Murtough, S. J. Hiom, M. Palmer, and A. D. Russell, "Biocide Rotation in the Healthcare Setting: Is There a Case for Policy Implementation?," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2001.
S. Rouillon, S. Ourdanabia, S. Jamart, C. Hernandez, and O. Meunier, "Étude de l'Efficacité d'un Produit Détergent Désinfectant pour Sols et Surfaces sur les Souches Bactériennes Isolées à Partir de l'Environnement Hospitalier," Pathol. Biol., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 325–330, 2006.
S. Jaouhar, A. E. O. Lalami, J. Bouzid, I. Zeouk, and K. Bekhti, "Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from the Hospital Environment Towards Disinfectants Commonly Used for Surfaces and Medical Devices," in E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 319, p. 01081, EDP Sciences, 2021.
R. Amiyare, A. Esmail, Y. Ghanmi, and M. Ouhssine, "Evaluation de l’effet d’un Désinfectant à Base de Glutaraldehyde à 2% sur le Biofilm d’Acinetobacter Baumannii," J. Nanomater., vol. 2018, Article ID 8950143, 9 pages, 2018.
T. Wassenaar, D. Ussery, L. Nielsen, and H. Ingmer, "Review and Phylogenetic Analysis of Qac Genes that Reduce Susceptibility to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Staphylococcus Species," Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 44–61, 2015.
M. Diduch, Ż. Polkowska, and J. Namieśnik, "The Role of Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria in Bottled Water Quality Assessment," Food Control, vol. 61, pp. 188-195, 2016.
F. Barbut and D. Neyme, "Les Difficultés d'Interprétation des Contrôles Microbiologiques Environnementaux," Rev. Francophone Lab., no. 382, pp. 27-32, 2006.
L. Chaoui, R. Mhand, F. Mellouki, and N. Rhallabi, "Contamination of the Surfaces of a Health Care Environment by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria," Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2019, Article ID 3236526, 7 pages, 2019.
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Prévention des Infections Nosocomiales 2ème Édition: Guide Pratique, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69751/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.12_fre.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2019).
J. M. Boyce, "Modern Technologies for Improving Cleaning and Disinfection of Environmental Surfaces in Hospitals," Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, vol. 5, pp. 1-11, 2016.
J. S. Chapman, "Disinfectant Resistance Mechanisms, Cross-Resistance, and Co-Resistance," Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 271–276, 2003.
O. O. Ayepola, L. O. Egwari, and G. I. Olasehinde, "Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Disinfectant Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Environment of a University Health Centre," Int. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 45S, pp. 1–477, 2016.
S. Langsrud, G. Sundheim, and R. Borgmann-Strahsen, "Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Food-Related Pseudomonas Spp.," J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 95, pp. 874–882, 2003.
R. Datta, R. Platt, D. S. Yokoe, and S. S. Huang, "Environmental Cleaning Intervention and Risk of Acquiring Multidrug-Resistant Organisms from Prior Room Occupants," Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 171, no. 6, pp. 491–494, 2011.
E. A. Grabsch, A. A. Mahony, D. R. M. Cameron, et al., "Significant Reduction in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Colonization and Bacteraemia after Introduction of a Bleach-Based Cleaning-Disinfection Programme," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 234–242, 2012.
P. Araújo, M. Lemos, F. Mergulhão, L. Melo, and M. Simões, "Antimicrobial Resistance to Disinfectants in Biofilms," in Science Against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances, vol. 3, pp. 826–834, 2011.
M. Saccucci, E. Bruni, D. Uccelletti, et al., "Surface Disinfections: Present and Future," J. Nanomater., vol. 2018, Article ID 8950143, 9 pages, 2018.
D. C. Esteves, V. C. Pereira, J. M. Souza, et al., "Influence of Biological Fluids in Bacterial Viability on Different Hospital Surfaces and Fomites," Am. J. Infect. Control, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 311–314, 2016.
T. Takigawa and Y. Endo, "Effects of Glutaraldehyde Exposure on Human Health," J. Occup. Health, vol. 48, pp. 75–87, 2006.
S. M. Murtough, S. J. Hiom, P. Palmer, and A. D. Russell, "A Survey of Rotational Use of Biocides in Hospital Pharmacy Aseptic Units," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 50, pp. 228–231, 2002.
S. M. Murtough, S. J. Hiom, M. Palmer, and A. D. Russell, "Biocide Rotation in the Healthcare Setting: Is There a Case for Policy Implementation?," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 48, pp. 1–6, 2001.
N. L. Cowley, S. Forbes, A. Amézquita, P. McClure, G. J. Humphreys, and A. J. McBain, "Effects of Formulation on Microbicide Potency and Mitigation of the Development of Bacterial Insusceptibility," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 81, pp. 7330–7338, 2015.
K. A. G. Karatzas, M. A. Webber, F. Jorgensen, M. J. Woodward, L. J. Piddock, and T. J. Humphrey, "Prolonged Treatment of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium with Commercial Disinfectants Selects for Multiple Antibiotic Resistance, Increased Efflux and Reduced Invasiveness," J. Antimicrob. Chemother., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 947–955, 2007.
