Response of strawberry to mulching, biofertilizer and calcium spraying and its effect on fruit traits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v3i3.14Keywords:
Ischemic, strawberry, mulching, fruit traitsAbstract
The experiment was conducted in the agricultural field located in the village of Tunisia / Al-Mahawil District (30 km) north of Babylon province, in a plastic house with an area of 450 m2 and dimensions of 9 x 50 m. to study the effect of the type of coverage, biofertilizer, and calcium spray on the growth and production of the Rubygem cultivar. The experiment was conducted according to the Complete Randomized Blocks Design (CRBD), in a split plot arrangement, with three replicates and with three factors. The first represents mulching type of with three levels, namely (Mulching soil planted with black polyethylene, white polyethylene, and straw. (wheat and barley waste) and is symbolized by the symbol (A1, A2, A3) respectively and were placed in the main plot . As for the sub-plots , the second factor included biofertilizers at four levels that were added to the soil near the plant roots by injection method (the control and Azotobacter bacteria (10 ml. Plant-1) and Mycorrhizas fungi (10 ml. Plant - 1) and a mixture of (Mycorrhizas fungi with Azotobacter bacteria and symbolized by (B0, B3, B2, B1), respectively. The third factor is spraying with calcium at three concentrations (the first is the control treatment and the second is 2.5 (g. L-1) and the third 5 (g. L-1) and symbolized by (C3, C2, C1). The results showed that the black polyethylene mulching treatment was significantly excelled on all traits and both seasons, as follows: number of flowers (30.53, 31.84 flowers . plant-1), average number of opened flowers (29.80, 31.17 flowers . plant-1), average number of set flowers (28.70, 29.99 flowers. Plant-1) Number of fruits (27.65, 28.83 fruits. Plant-1). The results also showed that the biological fertilization treatment (Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter) was significantly excelled on the other treatments and gave the highest values for most of the studied traits, while the triple interaction treatment with black poly Biofertilization (Azotobacter at a concentration of 10 ml. Plant-1 + Mycorrhizae at a concentration of 10 ml. Plant-1) and calcium spraying at a concentration of 5 (g.L-1) and the highest values were recorded for all the studied traits and for both seasons.
References
Abdel, Sarah Saadi. 2014. The effect of the color of plastic cover and organic fertilizer on the growth and production of strawberry Duch Fragaria Master Thesis. faculty of Agriculture . University of Kufa . The Republic of Iraq .
Abdel, Sarah Saadi. 2014. The effect of the color of plastic cover and organic fertilizer on the growth and production of Duch Fragaria X ananassa cultivar Festival. Master Thesis. faculty of Agriculture . University of Kufa . The Republic of Iraq . 516.
Abdul, Karim Saleh (1988). Physiology of nutrients. Dar Al-Kutub for Printing and Publishing. University of Al Mosul. Iraq.
Abu Dahi, Youssef Muhammad (1989). Practical plant nutrition. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. University of Baghdad - House of Wisdom - Iraq.
Al Masoum, A; Saghir, A. R and Itani, S. (1993). Soil solarization for weed management in U.A.E.Weed Technology, 7 (2): 507-510.
Al Masoum, A; Saghir, A. R and Itani, S. (1993). Soil solarization for weed management in U.A.E.Weed Technology, 7 (2): 507-510.
Al-Sahhaf, Fadel Hussein Reda 1989. Applied plant nutrition. House of Wisdom for Publishing, Translation and Distribution. College of Agriculture. Baghdad University . Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Iraq . p. 259.
Al-Samarrai, Ismail Khalil and Fares Muhammad Suhail Al-Tamimi. 2018. Concepts and applications of soil microbiology. The Republic of Iraq. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Diyala University. s
Al-Wahaibi, Muhammad Hamad, Muhammad Omar Islah, and Abdul Salam Muhammad Maligy, (2006). Plant tissue analysis. Scientific publishing and printing presses - King Saud University. P.O. Box 68953, Riyadh 11537.
Alwan, Taha Ahmed. 2010. Management of gypsum soils. Dar Al-Hilal Printing and Publishing, Beirut. Lebanon . Al-Kartani Abdul Karim Oribi Saba. 1995 The effect of the mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae and phosphorus on growth and yield of soybeans. Doctoral dissertation. faculty of Agriculture . Baghdad University . Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Republic of Iraq.
Badawi, Muhammad Ali. 2008. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in biological fertilization. Al Murshid Emirati Magazine. General Administration of Agriculture Abu Dhabi. Number (38).
Bakshi, P., A. Jasrotia, V. K. Wali, A. Sharma, and M. Bakshi, (2013). Influence of pre-harvest application of calcium and micro-nutrients on growth, yield, quality and shelf-life of strawberry cv Chandler. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 83(8): 831-835.
Demir , S. ; 2004. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on some physiological growth parameters of pepper . Turk. J. Biol. 28 : 85-90.
Devlin, R. M.(1975).Plant Physiology .3rd ed VanNostrand Reinhold Co., New York .
Ezawa, T., M. Hayatsu and M. Saito.2005. A new hypothesis on the strategy for acquisition of phosphorus in arbuscular mycorrhiza : up-regulation of secreted acid phosphtase gene in the host plant. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 18 P:1046-1053.
Gao ,Y., Z. Cheng, W. ling and J. Huang. 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae contribute to the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plant roots. Bioresource Technology. 101 (18) P:6895–6901.
Hamdan, Nour Talib. 2011. The effect of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae, the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, and levels of chemical fertilizers in increasing some growth and productivity parameters in yellow corn, Zea mays. Master’s thesis. College of Science. Mustansiriya University.
Hayat , R. ; S. Ali ; U. Amara ; R. Khalid and I. Ahmed. 2010 . Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion : a review . Ann Microbiol. Springer – Verlag and the University of Milan. Page 1-20.
Heil, M. 2011. Plant- mediated intractions between above- and below ground communities at multiple trophic levels. J.of Ecol. 99:3-6.
Jindal, K.K.; Shama, R.C. and Rehalia, A.S. (2004) . Mulching influences plant growth and albinism disorder in strawberry under subtropical climate. Acta Horticultureae, 662: 187-191.
Jundia, Hassan (2003). Physiology of fruit trees, the latest technological methods in treating the problems of agriculture, breeding and production of fruit trees in different lands. Arab House for Publishing and Distribution. First edition. Egypt.
Khalil, Nazik Haqqi. 2016. The effect of Mulching Soil and organic fertilization on the growth and production of strawberry Fragaria ananasa Duch. . Al-Furat Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 8 (2): 1-8.
Kirnak, H.; Kaya, C.; Higgs, D. and Gereek, S. A. (2001). long term to study the role of mulches in the physiology and macro nutrition of strawberry grown under water stress. Aust. Agric. Res., 52: 93-943.
Kriti, A. (2016). "Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth flowering, fruiting yield and quality of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler." Master Thesis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Kumar N.; H. K. Singh and P. K. Mishra .2015. Impact of Organic Manures and Biofertilizers on Growth and Quality Parameters of Strawberry cv. Chandler. Indian J. of Sci. and Tech. 8(15):1-6.
Kumar N.; H. K. Singh and P. K. Mishra .2015. Impact of Organic Manures and Biofertilizers on Growth and Quality Parameters of Strawberry cv. Chandler. Indian J. of Sci. and Tech. 8(15):1-6.
Mohamed, Aiman K.A; Mokhtar M. Shaaban; Aliaa M. Abd El-Hamid and Azza S. Hussein (2023 ) . The Impact of Calcium Chloride, Potassium Nitrate and Flower Thinning on Yield Component and Fruit Quality of Manfalouty Pomegranate Cultivar . Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (1): 213-226 .
Olsen, J. K. and Gounder, R. K. (2001).Alternatives to polyethylene mulch film : a field assessment of transported materials in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) .Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 41:93-103.
Sadik, S. K., A. AL-Taweel and N. S. Dhyeab.2011. New Computer Program for estimating leaf area of several vegetable crops, American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 5(2) P:304-309.
Sharma, K. ; S. Sharma and S.R. Prasad (2019). PGPR: Renewable Tool for Sustainable Agriculture. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 8(1): 525-530.
Smith , S.E. and Read D. J. (2008) . Mycorrhizal Symbiosis , 3rd Ed ; Academic Press , London , P: 787 .
Wankhede, S.S.; S.R. Patil and A.M. Sonkamble (2016). Effect of biofertilizers on growth of Rangpur lime Seedlings. The Asian Journal of Horticulture. 11 (1) :36-39.
Yasmin, F. R. Othman, MS, Saad and K, Sijam.2007. Screening for beneficial properties of Rhizobacteria isolated from sweet potato rhizosphere. Journal Biotechnology, 6(Suppl 2-3) P:49-52.
