Detection of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hawija Irrigation Project, Kirkuk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v3i5.212Keywords:
PAHs; Water Quality; Naphthalene; GC-MASAbstract
This study investigates the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the waters of the Hawija Irrigation Project, Kirkuk, Iraq. The research aims to assess the concentrations of PAHs across five sampling sites over six months, analyzing environmental and seasonal variations. Samples were collected bi-monthly from December 2023 to May 2024, with PAH concentrations determined using GC-MAS. Results show significant variations in PAH levels among sites and months. The second site exhibited the highest concentrations, particularly for Benzo[k]fluoranthene (21.58±28.3 µg/L) and total PAHs (31.63±33.7 µg/L), while the fourth site had the lowest levels (12.24±14.9 µg/L). Seasonal trends revealed higher concentrations during winter, attributed to increased fuel combustion and atmospheric deposition. However, all recorded concentrations remained within permissible limits. This study highlights the importance of monitoring PAHs to ensure water quality and mitigate potential ecological impacts, emphasizing the need for sustainable management of water resources in the region.
References
Oluremi OI, Idowu AO, Adedoyin KM, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood plasma of neurology patients. J Toxicol EnvironmentHealth Sci. 2019; 11(1): 1-8.
Younus B. M. (2021). Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in the wells of Al-Zubair district near the Basra refinery, southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 16(1): 12-24.
Salman J. M. (2019). Evaluation and Monitoring the Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tigris River South of Baghdad (IRAQ). Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal, 1(1): 49-57
Hantoush A. A., Ammar A. T., Mubeen H. A. (2019). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Waters from Northern Part of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Marsh Bulletin,14(1): 11-21
Al-Bidhani M. F., Hamid T. A., Ahmed M. A. (2020). Assessment and diagnosis of total and aromatics hydrocarbons in selected aAssessment and diagnosis of total and aromatics hydrocarbons in selected areas of Shatt al-Arabreas of Shatt al-Arab, Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 2(3): 105-119.
Mohammed, A.B., Goran, S.M.A., Tarafdar, A. Profiling of seasonal variation in and cancer risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in drinking water from Kirkuk city, Iraq. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022; 29(15): 22203–22222.
Mohammed A. B. Biomonitoring of atmospheric PAHs by Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. in Erbil ,Iraq. Journal of Babylon University/Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012; 20(3): 1-8.
Alhamdow A, Tinnerberg H, Lindh C, et al. Cancerrelated proteins in serum are altered in workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a cross-sectional study. Carcinogenesis. 2019; 40(6): 771-81.
Al-Ansari, N. (2019) Hydro Geopolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates. In: Mustafa, Y., Sadkhan, S., Zebari, S. and Jacksi, K., Eds., Recent Researches in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Springer, Berlin, 35-70.
AL-Saad, H.T.; Bedair, H.M.; Heba, H.M.A. and Zukhair, M.K. 2006. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish samples from the north- west Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea coast of Yemen.Marina mesopotamica, 21(1):1-12.
Al-Dossari, M. A. (2008). Isolation and identification of fungi from sediments of southern marshes of Iraq and study their ability to degrade crude oil in nitro. Ph.D. Thesis, Basrah University, 113pp. (In Arabic)
Al-Timari, A. A. K.; Hantoush, A. A. and Nasir, A. M. (2003). Petroleum hydrocarbons in southern of Iraq waters. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(2): 141-149. (In Arabic)
Al-Khatib, F. M. (2008). Determination the concentrations, origin and distribution of hydrocarbon compounds in water, sediments and some biota of Hor Al-Howaiza, south of Iraq and their sources. Ph.D. thesis, College of Science, University of Basrah, 228pp.(In Arabic)
WHO: World Health Organization (2018). A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking–water quality: 104 pp
Yan, L., Li, X., Chen, J., Wang, X., Du, J. and Ma, L. (2012). Source and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Shanghai, China. J. Environ. Sci., 24(1): 116-123.
Bidleman T. F. et al. (1986). Vapor-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds: estimates from field collections. Envir. Sci. Technol. 4: 1-5.
González-Macías, C. et. al.,, 2007. Environmental assessment of aromatic hydrocarbonscontaminated sediments of the Mexican Salina Cruz Bay. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 133(1–3), pp.187–207.
Carras, J. (1997). Emissions from spoil-pile fires. Project 4014 Australian Coal research. Limited.
Dickhut, R. M., Canuel, E. A., Guastafson, K. E., Liu, K., Arzayus, K. M., Walker, S. E., Edgecombe, G., Gaylor, M. O. and MacDonald, E. H. (2000). Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Cheasapeake Bay Region. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34: 4635-4640
Hassan, F.M., Salman, J.M., Al-Azawey, A.S.N., Al-Ansari, N., Kutsson, S. and Quality, S. 2014. Quantity and Origin of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in Lotic Ecosystem of Al-Hilla River, Iraq. Journal of Civil Engineering and Agriculture. 8(8): 1026–1038.
Qiu, Y.W., Zhang, G., Liu, G.Q., Guo, L.L., Li, X.D. and Wai, O. 2009. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Water Column and Sediment Core of Deep Bay, South China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 83(2009): 60–66.
Nekhavhambe, Y.J., Ree, T.V. and Fatoki, O.S. 2014. Determination and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rivers, Surface Runoff, and Sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA. 40(3): 415–424.
Mohammed, A.B., Al-Taee, M.M.S., F.M. Hassan, F.M. 2009. The Study of some PAHs Compounds in Euphrates River Sediment from Al-Hindiya Barrage to Al-Kifil city, Iraq. 4 th Scientific Conference, College of Science, Babylon University. CSASC English Ver. 4(2009): 216–230
Al-Azawey, A.N., Salman, J.M. and Hassan, F.M. 2014. Biogeochemical distribution of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), PAHs Biogeochemical Accumulation in Environments. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.
Chen, B., Xuan, X., Zhu, L., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Yang, K., Shen, X. and Lou, B. 2004. Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Waters, Sediments and Soils of Hangzhou City, China. Water Research. 38: 3558–3568.
Kafilzadeh, F., Shiva, A.H. and Malekpour, R. 2011. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In Water and Sediments of the Kor River, Iran. MEJSR, 10(1): 1–7.
Pandey, J.K., Masih, A., Lal, K., Gaur, V.K., Srivastava, P., Tanveer, M.R., Ansari, S.A. and Sharma, S.D. 2013. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gomti River, Lucknow, India. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Bioscience, 1(Special Issue 1), 44-56.
ATSDR 1995. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health services. Atlanta, GA. U.S.
