The Detection of Bioactive Compounds in Hemp Seed Oil Using GC-MS Techniques
Keywords:
Alkaloid, Fatty Acid, Linoleic Acid, Oleic Acid, Peak Area, PhytosterolAbstract
The study was conducted in the Laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq in 2023 to detect the bioactive compounds in hemp seed oil using GC-MS technology. The detection device by GC-MS showed 33 bioactive compounds in hemp seed oil. The results indicate that hemp seed oil contained 16 unsaturated fatty acids. It was found that the content of hemp seed oil was high in the two unsaturated fatty acids, Linoleic acid methyl ester and Oleic acid methyl ester. The peak area percentage of these two unsaturated fatty acids was about 44.15% and 37.45%, respectively. The two unsaturated fatty acids, Palmitic acid methyl ester, and Stearic acid methyl ester recorded a lower peak area percentage, reaching 10.05% and 5.98%, respectively. The other fatty acids detected in the hemp seed oil sample recorded very lower peak area percentage ranging within the range (0.003% - 0.730%). The unsaturated fatty acid α-Linolenic acid, methyl ester in hemp seed oil recorded the lowest peak area percentage of all the compounds detected by GC-MS, which was 0.003%. The data indicated the presence of six unsaturated fatty acids with high molecular weights, namely Erucic acid, 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, n-Pentacosanoic acid, n-Tricosanoic acid, n-Heneicosanoic acid, and Heptacosanoic acid. The results revealed that hemp seed oil contains Dioxaphetyl butyrate (0.03%), Naloxone (0.03%), Odorine (0.10%), and Pretazettine (0.01%) for medical and therapeutic uses. Hemp seed oil contains the two most important bioactive compounds of the phytosterols, namely Beta-Sitosterol and Campesterol (0.13% and 0.02%).
References
Baswan SM, Klosner AE, Glynn K, Rajgopal A, Malik K, Yim S, Stern N. Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) for skin health and disorders. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology. 2020 Dec 8:927-42.
Britch SC, Walsh SL. Treatment of opioid overdose: current approaches and recent advances. Psychopharmacology. 2022 Jul;239(7):2063-81.
Cyr C, Arboleda MF, Aggarwal SK, Balneaves LG, Daeninck P, Néron A, Prosk E, Vigano A. Cannabis in palliative care: current challenges and practical recommendations. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2018 Oct;7(4):46377-477.
Fischer G. The non-medical use of prescription drugs Policy direction issues. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, New York. 2011.
Garg M, Sharma A, Bansal S, Grover R, Sharma T, Kumari S, Goyal A, Bhatia S, Vaid L, Deswal G, Grewal AS. Role of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Inflammatory Disorders: An Overview. Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery. 2023 May 1;17(1):20-30.
Habartová K, Cahlíková L, Řezáčová M, Havelek R. The biological activity of alkaloids from the Amaryllidaceae: from cholinesterases inhibition to anticancer activity. Natural Product Communications. 2016 Oct;11(10):1934578X1601101038.
Inada A, Nishino H, Kuchide M, Takayasu J, Mukainaka T, Nobukuni Y, Okuda M, Tokuda H. Cancer chemopreventive activity of odorine and odorinol from Aglaia odorata. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001;24(11):1282-5.
Jagdale YD, Mahale SV, Zohra B, Nayik GA, Dar AH, Khan KA, Abdi G, Karabagias IK. Nutritional profile and potential health benefits of super foods: A review. Sustainability. 2021 Aug 17;13(16):9240.
Jokić S, Jerković I, Pavić V, Aladić K, Molnar M, Kovač MJ, Vladimir-Knežević S. Terpenes and cannabinoids in supercritical CO2 extracts of industrial hemp inflorescences: optimization of extraction, antiradical and antibacterial activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Sep 7;15(9):1117.
Kayal H, Sabouh M, Ezz Y. Industrial crops. Damascus University Publications, Syria.
Kiralan M, Gül V, Kara SM. Fatty acid composition of hempseed oils from different locations in Turkey. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2010 Sep 17;8(2):385-90.
Kobayashi M, Nakagawa S, Nakamura T, Tsuno T. Skin improvement effects of phytosterol ester derived from rice bran. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. 2023;6(1):17-23.
Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020 Jan;19(1):282-308.
Motiejauskaitė D, Ullah S, Kundrotaitė A, Žvirdauskienė R, Bakšinskaitė A, Barčauskaitė K. Isolation of biologically active compounds from Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences by using different extraction solvents and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Antioxidants. 2023 Apr 25;12(5):998.
Nair JJ, Van Staden J. Cytotoxic tazettine alkaloids of the plant family Amaryllidaceae. South African Journal of Botany. 2021 Jan 1;136:147-56.
Napoli C, Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide and atherosclerosis. Nitric Oxide. 2001 Apr 1;5(2):88-97.
Nasrin S, Coates S, Bardhi K, Watson C, Muscat JE, Lazarus P. Inhibition of nicotine metabolism by cannabidiol (CBD) and 7-hydroxycannabidiol (7-OH-CBD). Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2023 Jan 10;36(2):177-87.
Palmieri S, Maggio F, Pellegrini M, Ricci A, Serio A, Paparella A, Lo Sterzo C. Effect of the distillation time on the chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from different Cannabis sativa L. cultivars. Molecules. 2021 Aug 6;26(16):4770.
Rupasinghe HV, Davis A, Kumar SK, Murray B, Zheljazkov VD. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an emerging source for value-added functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Molecules. 2020 Sep 7;25(18):4078.
Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH. Gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma linolenic, eicosanoids and inflammatory processes. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2016 Aug 15;785:77-86.
Zhang P, Liu N, Xue M, Zhang M, Xiao Z, Xu C, Fan Y, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. β-Sitosterol Reduces the Content of Triglyceride and Cholesterol in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model. Animals. 2024 Apr 25;14(9):1289.
