Assessment Outcomes Effect of Apolipoprotein E4 Allele on Cardiovascular Diseases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijhsms.v3i4.128Keywords:
Apolipoprotein E4 Allele, Cardiovascular diseases, Elderly patientsAbstract
The apolipoprotein E4 allele is a genetic risk factor that has a negative impact on the quality of life of people with cardiovascular disease. Our current study aimed to evaluate the effect of apolipoprotein E4 allele in cardiovascular patients (n=85). A total of 85 elderly patients with cardiovascular disease were enrolled in the study, which was conducted at hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, between 18 January 2022 and 27 October 2023. Comprehensive cardiovascular examinations were performed on each patient, including blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital sign measurements. APOE genotype analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact on the patients. Additionally, questionnaires were administered to assess the quality of life of patients with cardiovascular disease. In terms of clinical outcomes, chest pain was identified as the most prevalent symptom among patients, with a total of 38 cases. Additionally, the E3/E4 genotype of the APOE gene was observed in 41.18% of patients, which was associated with an increase in serum lipid-lipoprotein levels in terms of SBP (145.39 ± 27.46) mmHg and DBP (87.89 ± The mean values for the variables were as follows: glucose (3.11 ± 1.12) mg/dL, triglycerides (224 ± 46.25) mg/dL, LDL-C (167.29 ± 12.92) mg/dL, and HDL-C (14.82 ± 3.82) mg/dL. The adverse findings revealed that 23 cases involved heart attacks, and 30 cases involved strokes. Patients with CVD who carried the apolipoprotein E4 allele exhibited negative impacts on their quality of life, as evidenced by the following scores: physical functioning (46.38 ± 14.26), energy/fatigue (53.25 ± 12.29), and emotional problems (62.10 ± 10.29). In general, patients with the apolipoprotein E4 allele exhibit elevated levels of lipid profiles, which signify an elevated risk of severe complications in patients with cardiovascular disease.
References
American Heart Association, “Cardiovascular disease statistics,” American Heart Association, 2006. Available: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4478. Accessed: May 2, 2010.
Centers for Disease Control, “Health data statistics,” Centers for Disease Control, 2005. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hdi.htm. Accessed: May 2, 2010.
Centers for Disease Control, “Medicare expenditures for chronic conditions,” Centers for Disease Control, 2005. Available: http://205.207.175.93/HDI/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=102. Accessed: May 2, 2010.
D. Mann, K. Reynolds, D. Smith, et al., “Trends in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among US adults: Impact of the 2001 national cholesterol education program guidelines,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol. 42, pp. 1208–1215, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1L181
P. Hu, Y. H. Qin, C. X. Jing, et al., “Does the geographical gradient of ApoE4 allele exist in China? A systemic comparison among multiple Chinese populations,” Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 2010, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0132-0
P. Gronroos, O. T. Raitakari, M. Kahonen, et al., “Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid and lipoprotein changes: A 21-year follow-up study from childhood to adulthood,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 592–598, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2007.116
L. U. Gerdes, B. Jeune, K. A. Ranberg, et al., “Estimation of apolipoprotein E genotype-specific relative mortality risks from the distribution of genotypes in centenarians and middle-aged men: Apolipoprotein E gene is a ‘frailty gene,’ not a ‘longevity gene,’” Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 19, pp. 202–210, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2272(200010)19:3<202::AID-GEPI2>3.3.CO;2-H
S. J. Lewis and E. J. Brunner, “Methodological problems in genetic association studies of longevity: The apolipoprotein E gene as an example,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 33, pp. 962–970, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh214
L. Rosvall, D. Rizzuto, H. X. Wang, et al., “APOE-related mortality: Effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease, and gender,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 30, pp. 1545–1551, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.003
W. Niu, Y. Qiu, Y. Qian, et al., “The relationship between apolipoprotein E epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 polymorphisms and hypertension: A meta-analysis of six studies comprising 1812 cases and 1762 controls,” Hypertension Research, vol. 32, pp. 1060–1066, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2009.164
Scuteri, A. J. Bos, A. B. Zonderman, et al., “Is the apoE4 allele an independent predictor of coronary events?,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 110, pp. 28–32, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00639-2
Scuteri, S. S. Najjar, D. Muller, et al., “ApoE4 allele and the natural history of cardiovascular risk factors,” American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 289, pp. E322–E327, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2004
Y. Song, M. J. Stampfer, and S. Liu, “Meta-analysis: Apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 141, pp. 137–147, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-2-200407200-00013
S. S. Anand, C. Zie, G. Pare, et al., “Genetic variants associated with myocardial infarction risk factors in over 8000 individuals from five ethnic groups: The INTERHEART Genetics Study,” Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics, vol. 2, pp. 16–25, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.108.813709
Keavney, A. Palmer, S. Parish, et al., “Lipid-related genes and myocardial infarction in 4685 cases and 3460 controls: Discrepancies between genotype, blood lipid concentrations, and coronary disease risk,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 33, pp. 1002–1013, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh275
A. M. Bennet, E. Di Angelantonio, Z. Ye, et al., “Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 298, pp. 1300–1311, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.11.1300
S. Liu, J. Ma, P. M. Ridker, et al., “A prospective study of the association between APOE genotype and the risk of myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 166, pp. 323–329, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00335-0
S. P. Mooijaart, J. F. Berbee, D. van Heemst, et al., “ApoE plasma levels and risk of cardiovascular mortality in old age,” PLoS Medicine, vol. 3, p. e176, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030176
K. A. Volcik, R. A. Barkely, R. G. Hutchinson, et al., “Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms predict low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and carotid artery wall thickness but not incident coronary heart disease in 12,491 ARIC study participants,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 164, pp. 342–348, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj202
A. J. Slooter, M. Cruts, A. Hofman, et al., “The impact of APOE on myocardial infarction, stroke, and dementia: The Rotterdam Study,” Neurology, vol. 62, pp. 1196–1198, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000118302.66674.E1
H. Ward, P. N. Mitrou, R. Bowman, et al., “APOE genotype, lipids, and coronary heart disease risk: A prospective population study,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 169, pp. 1424–1429, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.234
P. Georgoulias, G. Wozniak, M. Samara, et al., “Impact of ACE and ApoE polymorphisms on myocardial perfusion: Correlation with myocardial single photon emission computed tomographic imaging,” Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 54, pp. 595–602, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.83
E. J. Giltay, A. K. van Reedt Dortland, A. Nissinen, et al., “Serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein E genotype, and depressive symptoms in elderly European men: The FINE study,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 115, pp. 471–477, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.004
E. J. Giltay, A. Nissinen, S. Giampaoli, et al., “Apolipoprotein E genotype modifies the association between midlife lung function and cognitive function in old age,” Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol. 28, pp. 433–441, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000255600
Raiha, J. Marniemi, P. Puukka, et al., “Effect of serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins on vascular and nonvascular mortality in the elderly,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 17, pp. 1224–1232, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.17.7.1224
G. A. Kaplan, M. N. Haan, and R. B. Wallace, “Understanding changing risk factor associations with increasing age in adults,” Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 20, pp. 89–108, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.89
M. Napoli, M. Schwaninger, R. Cappelli, et al., “Evaluation of C-reactive protein measurement for assessing the risk and prognosis in ischemic stroke: A statement for health care professionals from the CRP Pooling Project members,” Stroke, vol. 36, pp. 1316–1329, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000165929.78756.ed
S. Kornman, “Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 83, pp. 475S–483S, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.2.475S
H. M. Phan, J. S. Alpert, and M. Fain, “Frailty, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: Evidence of a connection,” American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, vol. 17, pp. 101–107, 2008.
M. P. Sie, F. A. Sayed-Tabatabaei, H. H. Oei, et al., “Interleukin 6 -174 g/c promoter polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: Results from the Rotterdam study and a meta-analysis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, pp. 212–217, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000194099.65024.17
W. Marz, H. Scharnagl, M. M. Hoffman, et al., “The apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with circulating C-reactive protein (the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study),” European Heart Journal, vol. 25, pp. 2109–2119, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.08.024
M. N. Haan, A. E. Aiello, N. A. West, et al., “C-reactive protein and rate of dementia in carriers and non-carriers of apolipoprotein APOE4 genotype,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 29, pp. 1774–1782, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.020
R. Rontu, P. Ojala, A. Hervonen, et al., “Apolipoprotein E genotype is related to plasma levels of C-reactive protein and lipids and to longevity in nonagenarians,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 64, pp. 265–270, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02455.x
P. van Vliet, S. P. Mooijaart, A. J. de Craen, et al., “Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and risk of stroke in old age,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1100, pp. 140–147, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1395.012
Homocysteine Studies Collaboration, “Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: A meta-analysis,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 288, pp. 2015–2022, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.2015
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Firas Hameed Abd Alsafi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
